CVD & SYNTHESISForging the CNTs: From CVD Growth to K₂CO₃/CNT Sorbents
Unsupported bulk
K₂CO₃ suffers from severe pore plugging and slow kinetics because converting K₂CO₃ → 2KHCO₃ causes a 1.62× molar volume expansion (Pilling–Bedworth ratio). Interwoven multiwalled CNTs (Ø ≈ 7.8 nm, Vpore = 1.4 cm³/g, davg = 20 nm) provide a flexible, hydrothermally resilient scaffold that disperses K₂CO₃ nanocrystals and accommodates crystalline expansion during repeated TSA cycles.
| Sample | Precursor (CH₃COOK) | Est. K₂CO₃ (Table 2) | Actual K₂CO₃ (XRF) | CO₂ Cap. (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nt-2 (HNO₃ CNT) | 0 wt% (Acid-washed) | 0 wt% | 0.0 wt% | <0.2 wt% |
| PA-2 → PCu-2 | 20 wt% in H₂O–IPA | 14 wt% | 13.1 wt% | 2.8 wt% |
| PA-4 → PCu-4 | 40 wt% in H₂O–IPA | 28 wt% | 24.5 wt% | 6.0 wt% |
| PA-6 → PCu-6 | 60 wt% in H₂O–IPA | 42 wt% | 35.2 wt% | 7.6 wt% |
| PA-8 → PCu-8 ★ | 80 wt% (Bottleneck) | 56 wt% | 44.8 wt% | 8.9 wt% |
SEC 2CNTs/K₂CO₃ Sorbent Performance & Interactive 3D Nanostructure
• Click & Drag: Rotate the 3D model naturally in any direction (360° Yaw & Pitch)
• Scroll Wheel: Zoom in/out (0.72× – 1.48×)
• Cutaway Button: Toggle cross-sectional cutaway view of the inner K₂CO₃ ⇋ 2KHCO₃ layer
Composite K₂CO₃/CNT sorbents are synthesized via extrusion molding and calcination at 500°C in Ar to overcome pore plugging of bulk K₂CO₃ (Pilling–Bedworth ratio = 1.62). After TSA cycling (Phase A + Phase B), samples are denoted PCu-2, 4, 6, 8:
The molar percentage of active
K₂CO₃ in the sorbent that reacts with CO₂ + H₂O to form bicarbonate 2KHCO₃ via Eq. (2), calculated as the ratio of actual captured CO₂ (a) to the theoretical stoichiometric maximum (0.318 g CO₂ / g pure K₂CO₃ = 100%).
SEC 1Process Flow Stages (1–7) & Sorption Capacity
Phase A: 25°C (6 h)LAB SUITEProcess Engineering Kinetics, XRD & XRF Characterization Laboratory
Explore real-time desorption/breakthrough curve integration, step-by-step dimensional analysis, 10-cycle TSA stability, and XRD/XRF phase characterization.
nλ = 2d sinθ• When monochromatic X-rays strike crystal lattice planes separated by interplanar spacing
d at glancing angle θ, constructive interference occurs when the path-length difference 2d sinθ equals an integer multiple of wavelength nλ.• Broad humps at 2θ ≈ 25.8° & 43.1° (CNT): Graphitic
sp² carbon walls of multiwalled CNTs (dominant in PA-2).• Sharp peaks at 2θ = 9.8° & 27.5°: Crystalline potassium acetate (
CH₃COOK, dark red bar diagram at bottom), emerging in PA-4 and dominating in PA-8.
จากสไลด์ที่ 3 (Bread Baking Analogy: 2NaHCO₃(s) + ΔH ⇋ Na₂CO₃(s) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(g) (1)) และงานวิจัยสนับสนุนในสไลด์ที่ 19 (Fujii et al., Chem. Commun., doi:10.1039/d6cc03839e) เมื่อทดสอบภายใต้สภาวะ Direct Air Capture (~410 ppm CO₂, 50% RH):
ข้อมูลจากสไลด์ที่ 20 อ้างอิง Table 1 ในงานวิจัยของ Mazur et al. (Energy & Fuels 2022, doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c02886) อธิบายสมดุลเทอร์โมไดนามิกส์ในระบบ K₂CO₃–CO₂–H₂O:
| Reaction Equilibrium | ΔHrx [kJ/mol] | ΔSrx [J/K·mol] | Δmrx [g/g] |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) K₂CO₃ ⇋ K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O | −96 | −216 | 0.196 |
| (2) K₂CO₃ ⇋ 2KHCO₃ | −141 | −306 | 0.449 |
| (3) K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O ⇋ 2KHCO₃ | −44.6 | −91 | 0.212a |
| (4) K₂CO₃ ⇋ K₄H₂(CO₃)₃·1.5H₂O (Double Salt) | −98.5 (DSC) | — | 0.323 |
K₄H₂(CO₃)₃·1.5H₂O และ KHCO₃ จะสลายตัวไม่หมดและสะสมจนวัสดุเสื่อมสภาพใน 5 รอบ แต่การให้ความร้อนสูงกว่า 130°C (150°C ในงานวิจัยนี้) จะสลายทั้งไบคาร์บอเนตและเกลือคู่กลับเป็น K₂CO₃ ได้อย่างสมบูรณ์ 100%